备战阅读理解
如何备考高考阅读理解题
一、 前言
阅读理解在高考中的分值是40分，完型填空也属于阅读理解的范畴，这样涉及阅读理解的分值就高达70分，接近总分的一半了。阅读理解的成败决定了整个英语考试的成败。其重要性是不言而喻。要在高考中考好阅读理解，必须要从三个方面着手：
1. 明确高考阅读理解题的要求
2. 培养阅读理解能力
3. 掌握解题规范和技巧。
培养阅读理解能力是一个长期积累的过程，不可能在短期内见效。但明确高考阅读理解题的要求和掌握解题规范和技巧可以很快实现。在高考前的一个月的复习里，应重点落实第1点和第3点，即高考阅读理解题的要求和解题规范和技巧。
二、 明确高考阅读理解题的要求
学生的时间是有限的，学生应尽早研究英语科考试大纲，明确大纲对阅读理解的具体要求。这样，在做阅读训练时就能够有的放矢。下面是《2005年普通高校招生全国统一考试英语科考试大纲》对阅读理解部分的说明：
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短的文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于的简短文章。考生应能：
(1)理解主旨要义；
(2)理解文中具体信息；
(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义；
(4)做出简单判断和推理；
(5)理解文章的基本结构；
(6)理解作者的意图和态度。
大纲给出了两个信息，一是读什么，二是读懂什么。
现在市面上的阅读材料很多，选择适合的材料是成功的第一步。材料是否合适的判断标准有二点
1、话题：熟悉的有关日常生活话题的文字材料（例如公告、说明、广告）以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的文章。
2、 难度：简短。也就是，语言不超出《全国制高级中学英语教学大纲》要求的语法和词汇，
长度在300词左右。
因此，话题太偏太怪太专的材料不要读，太难太长的材料不要读。
在阅读一份材料的时候考生应该理解到什么程度呢？这就是读懂什么的问题了。大纲要求：
(1)理解主旨要义；
(2)理解文中具体信息；
(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义；
(4)做出简单判断和推理；
(5)理解文章的基本结构；
(6)理解作者的意图和态度。
因此，考生在平时训练是就应该从这六个方面来理解文章。(1)理解主旨要义，(5)理解文章的基本结构，(6)理解作者的意图和态度是对文章整体的理解。(2)理解文中具体信息，(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义，(4)做出简单判断和推理是对句子和词的理解。多数情况下，学生在读文章的时候，注意力主要放在了对句子和词的理解上，而忽视了在理解句子和词的同时理解文章的结构，主旨和作者意图。这是一个不良的阅读习惯。好的阅读习惯应该是在理解句子和词的同时关注文章的（逻辑）结构，主旨和意图。对句子的理解是以词和词组为单位，对文章的理解是一段落为单位。
三、 培养阅读理解能力
阅读理解能力包括以下方面：
(1)理解主旨要义的能力
(2)理解文中具体信息的能力
(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义的能力
(4)做出简单判断和推理的能力
(5)理解文章的基本结构的能力
(6)理解作者的意图和态度的能力
（7）阅读速度
突击词汇和句法是有效提高阅读理解的方法。词汇和语法，特别是句法是阅读理解能力的基础。没有词汇和语法为基础，阅读训练就是浪费时间。没有词汇和语法为基础，阅读理解考试就不可能得成功。在高考前的一个月的复习时间里，对于词汇和语法掌握不好的学生来说，突击词汇和句法是有效提高阅读理解的方法。突击句法重在学会分析句子结构，力争做到读懂没有生词的任何句子。
每一个句子的意义都有两部分组成：词汇意义和语法意义。比如，
The dog bit him./ He bit the dog.
The dog bites him.
The dog is biting him.
The dog has bit him.
又如，
"The measure of a man's real character is what he would do if he knew he would never be found out." ----Thomas B. Macaulay
句子结构：
主干成分：主语+谓语（+宾语）（+宾补）
修饰成分： 定语
状语
考前强化训练可以弥补平时训练的不足，也可以锦上添花。阅读能力是读出来的。如果平时没有大量的阅读，考前的强化训练就显得格外重要。不管是平时训练，还是考前突击，只要阅读的量达到一定的水平，阅读能力也能达到相同的水平。
阅读的速度是阅读理解能力的重要方面。在训练阅读理解时，应该略高于《全国制高级中学英语教学大纲》的要求，以100/wpm速度阅读。也就是每篇文章用大约2分钟的时间读完，并能读懂文章的大意和一些具体信息。
四、 掌握解题规范和技巧
根据考试大纲对阅读理解能力的要求，每一种能力都对应一种考试题（阅读速度的考察是通过篇幅的大小来实现的）。细说有六种题型：
主旨要义题
具体信息题
生词题
判断和推理题
基本结构题
意图和态度题
以上六种题可分为两种：整体题 主旨要义题、基本结构题、意图和态度题
细节题 具体信息题、生词题、判断和推理题
五、解题规范
1、 先用通常速度读完文章，读懂文章的大意，结构和一些具体信息。遇到生词和难句不要停顿。也许这些地方与答题无关。
2、 每道题都必须在文章中找到明确的依据，不能凭读完后的大致印象答题，也不能凭自己的知识和经验答题。严格依据原文。
这两种题型有不同的答题方法
解答整体题：
1、 分析文章结构
三段结构： introduction: thesis statement
body: further explanation （topic sentences）
conclusion: emphasis thesis
提纲结构： topic sentence
topic sentence
topic sentence
新闻结构： summary: thesis
body: details(5w’s +h)
2、 归纳主题
三段结构：主题在第一段首句，或第一段的转折词后，或第二段的首句，或最后一段。
提纲结构：先找出每个段落的主题，各个段落主题的共同话题就是文章的主题。
新闻结构：第一段第一句。
3、 作者的意图和态度：
娱乐（entertain）
意图： 教导 (instruct)
告知 (inform)
态度： 严肃、幽默、诚实、厌倦、狡诈、满意、讽刺等（正评价或负评价）
解答细节题
1、 依据题干的关键信息在文章中找准对应句（答案句）
2、 认真分析答案句及其上下文，读懂其意思（包括隐含意思）。在选项中找到答案句的改写
3、 生词题
1) 利用解释：逗号，括号，破折号, 定语从句
The harbor is protected by a jetty-a wall built out into the water.
The purpose of it was to catch “ringers”, students who take tests for other students.
2) 利用重述：i.e., that is, in other words,
He is a resolute man, i.e., once he sets up a goal, he won’t five it up easily.
Mary had a wan look. She was so pale and weak that her classmates thought she was ill.
3) 利用常识
Tony got on the motorbike and Cathy sat behind him on the pillion.
John was so tall and the door was so low that he must remember to lower his head when he entered the room. Otherwise, he would hit his head on the lintel.
4) 利用例证
You can select any of these periodicals: Times, Newsweek, or Reader’s Digest.
Doctors are studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.
5) 利用比较
The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with wind like white feathers.
The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as wood in water.
6) 利用构词法
a) 合成： boyfriend----manfriend
Blackboard----whiteboard
b) 缀合： extraordinary----extramarrital
before----foresee ，foresight
7) 利用文章语境
Laura上大学后不久，她的家长收到学校的来信，要求他们付钱让Laura参加一系列课程班：“a remedial reading class”, “the remedial writing class”, “a special remedial arithmetic course” 以保证她能跟得上同学，顺利毕业。
六、例题讲解
例题1（主旨要义题）
It is burning hot in Mali, where the highest temperature even reaches 55℃ while the average temperature of the whole year there maintains above 45℃. But to our surprise, the tourism there is getting on very well. Nearly all the year round the tourists can be seen coming and going.
That is because there are large numbers of “In-The-Well-Hotels” in Mali. It means that first of all, people have dug a thirty-metre-deep well under the scorching land surface. Then in the wall of the well several empty caves, about two metres high each, are made. In these caves beds are arranged.
Obviously, “In-The-Well-Hotels”, not so blazing as it is out of the well, remains only abort 12-20℃, In the cave rooms, tourists can find all the daily necessaries.
It not only frees the guests of the country from the hot weather but also gives them a new and fresh experience. So it is quite appealing to the tourists coming from all parts of the world.
Which title fits the passage best? .
A. The Tourism in Mali B. The Weather in Mali
C. In-The-Well-Hotels D. The Tourists from All Parts of the World
例题2（主旨要义题）
A gang of bank robbers drove into public car park, in fact it was an underground car park. They parked two vans in the car park. Then they walked along the narrow corridor. At the end of the corridor, there was a manhole. They lifted the manhole-cover and climbed down into the sewer. The sewer passed the bank. At the nearest point, the gang stopped. They had electric drills, and drilled a tunnel, to the bank vault. This took several weeks, because the distance was 25 feet and they had to drill through rock. Then they went into the vault on weekend, and they emptied the safe-deposit boxes.
The vans were waiting. The put the money and jewelry (worth＄6 million) into the vans. Finally, they welded the vault door on the inside, and left.
The nest day, the bank manager could not open the vault door. At first, he was not worried, because the vault was very old. Finally, a bank worker drilled through the wall. Inside the vault, the manager found the empty safe-deposit boxes…
The title of the passage should be .
A.A Gang of Robbers B. The ＄6 million Robbery
C. Robbers Opened the Bank Vault D. Drilling the Tunnel
例题3（主旨要义题）
Cincinnati--The Cincinnati Zoo has stopped visitors seeing the giant panda Chia Chia for at least five days because the rare animal is obviously homesick. “He’s normally quite extroverted. That’s why we’re worry about,” said Neil Bemment, the panda’s keeper.
The 16-year-old giant panda, caught in China when he was just two, arrived in Cincinnati last Friday after a seven-hour road trip form Chicago. That journey followed a 10- hour flight from London, where he has spent 14 years at the London Zoo. Since Friday, the 290-pound panda has appeared once in a while from his den to eat bamboo for a few minutes, then quickly goes back to his den.
What is main idea of the passage?
A. Giant panda is ill B. Panda keeper is worried
C. Panda arrived at Cincinnati D. 16-year-old panda
例题4（具体信息题）
In Paris, five people including an Israeli diplomat and his wife were seriously injured in a car-bomb explosion, the latest attack against Jewish object in the French capital. Another forty people, many of them children, received smaller injuries. And a telephone caller with name unknown told the news agency that it was the work of the Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction but it is not certain whether the call was true. President Mitterand later held a meeting with his Public Security Minister. The Prime Minister Mova said that Government would continue its war against terrorists.
2. According to the news the explosion was
A. an unpleasant thing B a common affair
C. a serious problem D. a planned act
3. From the passage we can see that Paris is a city where __
A. people often get injured B. news media are quite developed
C. terrorists have been active D. people are used to terrorists
4. After the explosion the French Government
A. ordered the police to catch the terrorists at once
B. warned people not to drive out until the murderers were arrested
D. advised Israeli diplomats not to go out by car
D. wouldn’t give in to the terrorists
例题5（意图和态度题）
A 9-year-old Canadian girl is trying to set a world record of flying across Canada.
Emma Houston took off from Victoria, a city on the west coast of Canada, beginning a two-week flight to Newfoundland, a Canadian eastern island.
“I have only been flying for a few months but I think I can do it and Dad will be with me anyway,” the lovely girl said before she took off with her father.
Her father, Paul Houston, a licensed flight instructor and vice-principal of Emma’s elementary school said she can handle all the routine flying but doesn’t have the experience to handle an emergency.
A 10-year-old American boy Christopher Lee Marshall flew across the United States last year. Inspired by the Marshall’s record, Houston is going to become a youngest pilot to fly across Canada.
The reporter seems to try
A. to call on us young people to try to break the flying record
B. to praise the courage of the Canadian girl
C. to tell the young people to ask for help from their parents when necessary
D. to warn us not to risk flying either across Canada or across the United States
例题6（意图和态度题）
Viscount Montgomery, the famous British commander, was born in Bernard Law Montgomery in 1887 and fought in both world wars. In World War he was only an ordinary soldier, who rose to the rank of captain. It was during World War II that he really shone--he commanded the British army in many of the important battles of the war and led it through all the great campaigns, first in France, later in North Africa, then in Normandy, and finally in Germany. After the war he was made a nobleman but people continued to refer to him as Monty. Once a reporter asked him: “Who do you think were the three greatest commanders in history? ” Replied Monty, without a moment’ s hesitation: “The other two were Alexander the Great and Napoleon.”
What does the writer think of Montgomery ?
A. a great commander and an interesting person as well
B. an interesting person although not a very great commander
C. a modest man although he was a great commander
D. not a great commander but thought himself to be one
例题7（生词题）
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people can not write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--- legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migration of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.
Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the pacific islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000years ago.
The word “recount” in “The only way that can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas.” means .
A. tell B. count again C. retell D. put down
例题8（基本结构题）
Mood, say the experts, are feelings that are likely to become fixed, having effects on one’s outlook for hours, days, or even weeks. That’s great if your mood is a pleasant one, but a problem if you are sad, anxious, angry, or simply lonely.
Perhaps the best way to deal with such moods is to talk them out; sometimes, though, there is no one to listen. Modern pharmacology offers a lot of tranquilizers and anti-anxiety drugs. What many people don’t realize, however, is that scientists have discovered the effectiveness of several non-drug methods to make you free from an unwanted mood. These can be just a useful as drugs, and have the added benefit of being non-poisonous. So next time you feel out of sorts, don’t head for the drug store---- try to following method.
Of all the mood-changing self-help techniques, aerobic exercise seems to be the best cure for a bad mood. “If you could keep the exercise, you’d be in high spirits,” says Kathryn Lance, author of Running for Health and Beauty.
Researchers have explained biochemical and various other changes that make exercise compare favorably to drugs as a mood-raiser. Physical work such as housework, however, does little. The key is aerobic exercise-running, cycling, walking, swimming, or other repetitive and sustained activities that increase the heart rate and circulation, and improve the body’s use of oxygen. Do them for at least 20 minutes a time, three to five times a week.
Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?
A. An exercise and its importance are explained
B. A problem is examined and solutions are given
C. Two different views of a problem are presented
D. Recent developments in medicine are described.
